Environment and its conservation is one of the present issues in risky modern life. Although, the present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of the significant environmental issues in society of Iran. The Purpose of the present study is investigation of the reasons of littering formation by the approach of Causal layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. The present study analyzed the layers forming the present social issue and searched the origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. Then, after exploiting the contents and content analysis of interviews, their opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying the present discourses, the gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of the society.

Objective: As a nascent financial technology, cryptocurrencies are experiencing growth, development, and adoption across multiple economic sectors. This study aimed to identify the essential Iranian stakeholders in the field of cryptocurrencies and to assess their behavior. The findings are intended to provide policymakers with valuable insights that will assist them in formulating strategic plans and establishing a structured framework for the nation's cryptocurrency industry.Method: The analysis of cryptocurrencies poses challenges due to the innovative and uncertain nature of several ideas, the involvement of multiple players, and the influence of diverse political, economic, social, and technical variables. Consequently, quantitative approaches alone may not provide a full understanding of this topic. The study paradigm is interpretive, employing a qualitative approach, content analysis technique, and stratified analysis of the causes.Results: Significant findings have been identified in the private three-level patterns of actors and activists in the field of cryptocurrency in Iran, and in the first tables of each of them, a three-level statement and analysis for the communication between the actors has been presented.Conclusions: The results obtained in this research show the reasons for the creation of the current environment governing the cryptocurrency industry in Iran, which shows the need to compile laws and regulations in the field of cryptocurrency and draw a framework for the activities of actors in this field, in order to develop this industry in the country and benefit the country from the advantages of cryptocurrencies are essential.

Purpose: The flourishing of political parties and currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran and since the formation of the constitutional movement, political currents have gone through many ups and downs and it can be said that political currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization and stability. A characteristic feature of political currents in Iran is the divergence and division among political currents in recent decades, and this can be one of the reasons for the instability and cross-sectional and seasonal activity of political parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors and divergence among political currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? And what are the scenarios for the advancement of political currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of Causal-layer analysis, which is one of the qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of Causal systems (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview and discourse (from charismatic political authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak society) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian political currents can be considered: integration of currents as the security valve of the political system, the collapse of political currents in the traditional form, integration and consolidation in new social movements (virtualized parties).

Background: Development in health is not possible without progress of science. Rapid changes in the various areas make the future health system more complex and risky. Therefore, foresight of health sciences is very important. Methods: This futures studies was conducted in 4 steps; also, literature and documents review, statistics and information review, focus group discussions, working group, and scenario planning were used. Causal layered analysis (CLA) was used for data analysis and syntactic as main frameworks. Results: The findings in legal health sciences documents revealed that the value system was not defined clearly and coherently and that logical linkage among myths, discourse, and social structural layers was ambiguous. In trend analysis, 24 trends were recognized; however, political and economic streams were strong, independent, and uncertain factors which created 4 main scenarios although the social and environmental factors divided them into 16 subscenario tunnels. Postmodern discourse in probability scenarios will be dominant and science will be understood as tools for generation of wealth. University structure will be decentralized and transformed into similar R&D to join the health industry, and our quantitative growth (articles, disciplines, and students) in health sciences will decrease. Conclusion: If the current trends (probability scenarios) continue, we will move to an undesirable situation. The main challenge in this regard is the lack of a unique and dominant discourse in health sciences based on the Islamic Republic of Iran doctrine. Therefore, in this study, shifting the paradigm by a new approach and discipline in the health sciences is suggested.

Since ancient times, humankind has aspired to create an ideal society and live inan environment free of problems and difficulties, an utopia with high levels ofexcellence, bringing him happiness and satisfaction. Great western philosophersand eminent oriental sages have articulated their ideas and revealed their dreamsabout the characteristics of people and traits of governors of such ideal places. Nowadays, governance is considered the main custodian of the social order andresponsible for the comfort and satisfaction of citizens; so that bad governanceis being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within oursocieties while good governance is deemed the origin of public prosperity. Hence, this question arises that regarding the religious context of our country, what are the characteristics of Islamic good governance? Thus, the present study makes an attempt to employ a new approach toexplore the requirements of good governance in the utopian perspective of Aliibn Abi Talib as the first Imam of Shia Muslims. The aim of this paper is toaddress this main question that what are the requirements of good governance inImam Ali’ s point of view in Systems layer, Worldview layer andMyth/Metaphor layer? Therefore, the Causal layered analysis (CLA) as afuturistic method has been applied to investigate letter 53 of the Nahj al-Balagha containing his orders to Malik al-Ashtar. Finally, the results have beenpresented and discussed at different analysis levels.

Tehran's population growth and the entry of new immigrants has been one of the problems for governors, policy makers, and planners. Therefore, since the middle decades of the current century, as a concern, it has been considered as a threat to social, environmental, health, and disaster preparedness issues. However, the activities have been performed to prevent Tehran population growth, failed to achieve success and in spite of all these activities, the problem of Tehran population and immigration growth still exists. In this paper, Causal layered analysis (CLA) as a futures study method is used for splitting and analyzing the several layers leading to the issue of Tehran immigration growth, and different scenarios are considered for the future. In this regard, based on analysis of the under layers and due to the uncertainty and importance, "development model" and "cultural orientation" are identified as its drivers and the scenarios are designed according to them.

ABSTRACT Right to the city is one of the most important citizenship rights that can be reduced for women under different circumstances. In this mixed research, with in-depth and semi-structured interviews, a conceptual model has been presented to explain the Causal, contextual and interventional conditions effectively reducing women's right to the city. Then, with the structural equation modeling, the Causal conditions affecting the right to the city have been investigated. Family, ethnicity, and physical and mental conditions were the most important background conditions that 32 women living in Ahvaz pointed to in order to influence the right to the city. Also, the participants considered politics and government institutions, law, and spatial policies as the most important intervention in the women's right to the city. City security, favorable actions with the city space, space-positive gender performance, and social welfare were among the most important Causal conditions that the participants mentioned in increasing women's right to the city. Causal modeling showed that the most influential reason for reducing women's right to the city of Ahvaz is urban space security, followed by urban policies and designs. By multiplying the Causal path, it is 0.84, followed by urban planning and design with a coefficient of 0.79. Governmental and executive institutions should pay more attention to women's right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of suitable spaces with individual differences, especially gender, and, of course, with an emphasis on women. The creation of safer places in the city for women while increasing the livability of the city for citizens improves women's rights in urban spaces Extended abstract Introduction The right to the city is a universal right consisting of several instances. Since the right to the city enables the city inhabitants to access and enjoy the urban life benefits freely, it is tantamount to the right to freedom. The right to the city, the right to freedom of building and rebuilding cities, is one of the most valuable and, at the same time, the most neglected human rights. Among governments, NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) and political activists in all scales, the right to the city is often conceived in a legal meaning. In this sense, the right to city includes a set of distinct rights to urban resources and services, shelter, public space, clean water, and education that must be available to all, regardless of social or economic status, the bearers of such rights are urban dwellers and their guarantor is the government. This legal conception of the right to the city emphasizes universal and individual rights in the global liberal institutional order. The ultimate normative purpose of a legal right to the city is that the government legally encodes and enforces the set of rights constituting the right to the city. Justice and equality have been considered since long ago; however, injustice and discrimination are still visible in cities. Among all kinds of injustices and discrimination, gender equality has been a subject marginalized in all ages. In Iran, the need for urban spaces for women in accordance with the civil needs of citizens in daily life is felt. In Iran, factors such as various types of urban violence and insecurity, which generally make women victims, have reduced the possibility and desire for their presence and participation in public. Because the spatial, temporal, official and unofficial divisions in the city have caused some spaces to remain far from the reach of women. In this research, we intend to deal with the most important factors that cause women not to enjoy one of their most essential human rights, which is the right to the city.   Methodology This research, which is practical in terms of purpose, has been done with a confirmatory mixed method; first, it tried to present the most important contextual, interventional, and Causal factors effective in reducing the right to the city of women in the form of a conceptual model by the approach of grounded theory, and then confirming the defined Causal structure with the help of structural equations modeling. The population in this research is Iranian women who are exposed to gender injustice and do not have the right to a desirable city. Research participants have a deep experience of undermining their right to the city and are interested in sharing it and cooperating with the researcher. Sampling was purposefully selected from women with the least amount of the right to the city. The qualitative sample of the research was 32 people, and the quantitative sample was 420 people. Due to the mixed nature of the research and the use of the data-driven theory approach and, afterwards, structural equations to collect the data, the interview was used in the qualitative phase and questionnaires in the quantitative phase. The interviews were done in-depth, face-to-face and semi-structured. The open-ended interview questions were conducted in a calm environment without the presence of a third person, and the time of the interviews varied according to the conditions of the interviewee. The questionnaire used in the research has ascertained an instrument that evaluates the contextual and Causal components and factors related to the right to the city in the form of self-declaration items. The data obtained from the interview, after being implemented in the form of text, were analyzed and classified with the help of directed content analysis. In order to investigate the Causal structure of the right to the city, structural equation modeling would have been helpful. Analyzes were performed with the help of LISREL 8.8. To estimate the Causal path coefficients, the iterated maximum likelihood method was used and the overall fit of the Causal structure model of women’s right to the city was carried out by Chi-square statistic. And, of course, the most important fit indexes of the model, such as absolute fit indexes, incremental fit indexes and Parsimonious Normed Fit Indexes (PNFI).   Results and discussion Directed content analysis helped us to identify the factors reducing the right to the city and its subclasses of Iranian women. Conditions affecting women's right to the city are divided into underlying conditions, Causal conditions, and intervening conditions. The most critical underlying conditions were family, age, ethnicity, and physical and mental characteristics. At the same time, environment security, urban actions, social welfare, and space gender functions constituted the essential intervening conditions, and politics, governmental institutions, law, and city spatial policies included the most important intervening conditions. Causal modeling also showed that the factors influencing women's right to the city are the most influential to the least influential in the form of (1) security of the city environment, (2) urban policy-making, (3) gender function of space, and (4) interaction with the city. Security is one of the most important and influential factors that can decrease or increase the right to the city for women.   Conclusion The right to the city, which is considered one of the most fundamental rights of citizens, is trampled or reaches its lowest level due to underlying reasons such as the gender of individuals or their families. In this case, women are more vulnerable than the men. In such a way, Causal conditions such as environmental security or urban actions and, of course, welfare have made this gender difference in the use of city space deeper and more complicated. Meanwhile, the role of governments and sovereignty in legislation and policies should not be neglected to reduce the right to city for women. Our explicit suggestion is for governmental institutions and executive agencies to pay more attention to women’s right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of more suitable spaces in the city, the design of urban spaces away from any gender discrimination only with the view of equal access for all and the creation of safer places for the women living in Ahvaz.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Iran’ s society movement from current situation to preferable developed condition has been turned into a common sense among Iranian scientist, elites and politicians. Politician, elites and scientists of Iran society in their self-consciousness and tangible layer of knowledge believe that using experts and gifted people’ capabilities for development and even through reverse the brain drain absorbing and recruiting trained and educated people into the helping their own country’ development, since human asset is one of the most important driving forces behind development. In this research we dive to concept of brain drain and high skilled diaspora. The primary question here is whether Iranians who are living in abroad are contributing to the growth of their home country. The conventional view conceives of the emigration of citizens from their countries of origin as necessarily depriving their home countries of their services. The proposed methodology for answering this question is Causal layered analysis (CLA). According to this methodology, there exist different factors that are conducive to brain drain, which can be categorized as either tangible or non-tangible.

While population ageing is not a trend unique to Iran, but it has beenrepresented in the IranS social and cultural context in opposing ways. On the one hand, ageing is portrayed as a“ The silver tsunami” which threatens Iran’ s future economic prospects and societal welfare. Onthe other hand, ageing is seen in a morepositive light through discourses of “ active” and “ successful ageing” with the elderly continuing to make important contributions to society as they age. In thispaper, we demonstrate how Causal layered analysis can be used to develop alternative futures of ageing by dissecting the ideologies and myths underlying Dominant representations of ageing in Iran. Also we argue that current representations of ageing reveal instrumental ways of thinking about ageing as “ wealth” or “ burden” . In this regard, first review the current views before explaining their implications for policymaking in the field of aging, and then discuss current assumptions and positions regarding the phenomenon, as well as the fundamental ideologies and The fundamental metaphors that dominate the most obvious (Lithuanian) layer of Causal layered analysis of Iran's aging phenomenon have been analyzed and criticized, along with the overarching explicit layers of aging that shape current programs in the country, and ultimately " well-being future". The Lithuanian alternative and "vitality" as an alternative metaphor it has been suggested as an alternative metaphor for this phenomenon, and development policies related to aging have been elaborated with the aim of creating a specific perspective.

Concurrent with globalization, some changes have been created in the performance of the universities in developed countries that have turned them into a power source for economic development. In this study, generation changes of Iranian universities in the health sector were analyzed by the layer analysis (CLA) framework. The results showed that the status of universities in Iran is moving from the first and second university generations (i. e. education and research oriented) to the third generation (wealth creation). Too much concentration on indexes such as expert human resources training and number of papers and citations in the Iranian universities has led to stagnation in litany and structural layers. Obtaining scientific authority and technology development requires fundamental evolutions of sciences in deeper layers such as Islamic world view, governance of valuable contexts and evolution in the relationship among higher education and the research and technology system with other sectors. . .